Organic Electroluminescent Materials and Devices

ABSTRACT

The present invention includes novel borazarophenanthrene compounds, which may be used as hosts for phosphorescent emitters, charge transporters or emitters in OLEDs.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/375,076, filed Aug. 15, 2016, the entire contents of whichis incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present invention relates to compounds for use as hosts and devices,such as organic light emitting diodes, including the same.

BACKGROUND

Opto-electronic devices that make use of organic materials are becomingincreasingly desirable for a number of reasons. Many of the materialsused to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, so organicopto-electronic devices have the potential for cost advantages overinorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organicmaterials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited forparticular applications such as fabrication on a flexible substrate.Examples of organic opto-electronic devices include organic lightemitting diodes/devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organicphotovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, the organicmaterials may have performance advantages over conventional materials.For example, the wavelength at which an organic emissive layer emitslight may generally be readily tuned with appropriate dopants.

OLEDs make use of thin organic films that emit light when voltage isapplied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasinglyinteresting technology for use in applications such as flat paneldisplays, illumination, and backlighting. Several OLED materials andconfigurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

One application for phosphorescent emissive molecules is a full colordisplay. Industry standards for such a display call for pixels adaptedto emit particular colors, referred to as “saturated” colors. Inparticular, these standards call for saturated red, green, and bluepixels. Alternatively the OLED can be designed to emit white light. Inconventional liquid crystal displays emission from a white backlight isfiltered using absorption filters to produce red, green and blueemission. The same technique can also be used with OLEDs. The white OLEDcan be either a single EML device or a stack structure. Color may bemeasured using CIE coordinates, which are well known to the art.

One example of a green emissive molecule is tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium, denoted Ir(ppy)₃, which has the following structure:

In this, and later figures herein, we depict the dative bond fromnitrogen to metal (here, Ir) as a straight line.

As used herein, the term “organic” includes polymeric materials as wellas small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricateorganic opto-electronic devices. “Small molecule” refers to any organicmaterial that is not a polymer, and “small molecules” may actually bequite large. Small molecules may include repeat units in somecircumstances. For example, using a long chain alkyl group as asubstituent does not remove a molecule from the “small molecule” class.Small molecules may also be incorporated into polymers, for example as apendent group on a polymer backbone or as a part of the backbone. Smallmolecules may also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, whichconsists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. Thecore moiety of a dendrimer may be a fluorescent or phosphorescent smallmolecule emitter. A dendrimer may be a “small molecule,” and it isbelieved that all dendrimers currently used in the field of OLEDs aresmall molecules.

As used herein, “top” means furthest away from the substrate, while“bottom” means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer isdescribed as “disposed over” a second layer, the first layer is disposedfurther away from substrate. There may be other layers between the firstand second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is “incontact with” the second layer. For example, a cathode may be describedas “disposed over” an anode, even though there are various organiclayers in between.

As used herein, “solution processible” means capable of being dissolved,dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium,either in solution or suspension form.

A ligand may be referred to as “photoactive” when it is believed thatthe ligand directly contributes to the photoactive properties of anemissive material. A ligand may be referred to as “ancillary” when it isbelieved that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactiveproperties of an emissive material, although an ancillary ligand mayalter the properties of a photoactive ligand.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled inthe art, a first “Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital” (HOMO) or “LowestUnoccupied Molecular Orbital” (LUMO) energy level is “greater than” or“higher than” a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energylevel is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since ionization potentials(IP) are measured as a negative energy relative to a vacuum level, ahigher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP having a smaller absolutevalue (an IP that is less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energylevel corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) having a smaller absolutevalue (an EA that is less negative). On a conventional energy leveldiagram, with the vacuum level at the top, the LUMO energy level of amaterial is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. A“higher” HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of such adiagram than a “lower” HOMO or LUMO energy level.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled inthe art, a first work function is “greater than” or “higher than” asecond work function if the first work function has a higher absolutevalue. Because work functions are generally measured as negative numbersrelative to vacuum level, this means that a “higher” work function ismore negative. On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuumlevel at the top, a “higher” work function is illustrated as furtheraway from the vacuum level in the downward direction. Thus, thedefinitions of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follow a different conventionthan work functions.

More details on OLEDs, and the definitions described above, can be foundin U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference inits entirety.

There is a need in the art for novel compounds that may be useful ashosts for phosphorescent emitters, charge transporters or emitters inOLEDs. The present invention addresses this need in the art.

SUMMARY

According to an embodiment, a compound is provided that has thestructure of Formula I shown below:

wherein each X¹ to X¹⁸ is independently CR^(X) or N;

wherein each R^(X) is independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl,arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylicacids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl,phosphino, carbazole, azacarbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene,dibenzoselenophene, azadibenzofuran, azadibenzothiophene,azadibenzoselenophene, triphenylene, azatriphenylene, and combinationsthereof;

wherein any two adjacent R^(X) can join to form fused or unfused rings;

wherein when X¹⁴ or X¹⁸ is CR^(X), then R^(X) is not alkyl; and

wherein there is no direct bond between X¹ or X⁵ with X¹⁴ or X¹⁸.

According to another embodiment, a device comprising one or more organiclight emitting devices is also provided. At least one of the one or moreorganic light emitting devices can include an anode, a cathode, and anorganic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein theorganic layer can include a compound of Formula I. The device can be aconsumer product, an electronic component module, an organiclight-emitting device, and/or a lighting panel.

According to another embodiment, a consumer product comprising one ormore organic light emitting devices is also provided. At least one ofthe one or more organic light emitting devices can include an anode, acathode, and on organic layer, disposed between the anode and thecathode, wherein the organic layer can include a compound of Formula I.The consumer product can be a flat panel display, computer monitor,medical monitors television, billboard, light for interior or exteriorillumination and/or signaling, heads-up display, fully or partiallytransparent display, flexible display, laser printer, telephone, cellphone, tablet, phablet, personal digital assistant (PDA), wearabledevice, laptop computer, digital camera, camcorder, viewfinder, amicro-display that is less than 2 inches diagonal, a 3-D display, avirtual reality or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wallcomprising multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadiumscreen, and/or a sign.

According to yet another embodiment, a formulation containing a compoundof Formula I is provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted organic light emitting device that does nothave a separate electron transport layer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed betweenand electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current isapplied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons intothe organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migratetoward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and holelocalize on the same molecule, an “exciton,” which is a localizedelectron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light isemitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In somecases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex.Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur,but are generally considered undesirable.

The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from theirsinglet states (“fluorescence”) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat.No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10nanoseconds.

More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light fromtriplet states (“phosphorescence”) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al.,“Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from OrganicElectroluminescent Devices,” Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998;(“Baldo-I”) and Baldo et al., “Very high-efficiency green organiclight-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence,” Appl. Phys.Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”), are incorporated byreference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in moredetail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 5-6, which are incorporatedby reference.

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device 100. The figures are notnecessarily drawn to scale. Device 100 may include a substrate 110, ananode 115, a hole injection layer 120, a hole transport layer 125, anelectron blocking layer 130, an emissive layer 135, a hole blockinglayer 140, an electron transport layer 145, an electron injection layer150, a protective layer 155, a cathode 160, and a barrier layer 170.Cathode 160 is a compound cathode having a first conductive layer 162and a second conductive layer 164. Device 100 may be fabricated bydepositing the layers described, in order. The properties and functionsof these various layers, as well as example materials, are described inmore detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 6-10, which areincorporated by reference.

More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, aflexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in itsentirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA dopedwith F₄-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated byreference in its entirety. Examples of emissive and host materials aredisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which isincorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-dopedelectron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1,as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980,which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos.5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in theirentireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodeshaving a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlyingtransparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. Thetheory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S.Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in itsentirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated byreference in its entirety.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted OLED 200. The device includes a substrate 210,a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and ananode 230. Device 200 may be fabricated by depositing the layersdescribed, in order. Because the most common OLED configuration has acathode disposed over the anode, and device 200 has cathode 215 disposedunder anode 230, device 200 may be referred to as an “inverted” OLED.Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 may beused in the corresponding layers of device 200. FIG. 2 provides oneexample of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device100.

The simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is provided byway of non-limiting example, and it is understood that embodiments ofthe invention may be used in connection with a wide variety of otherstructures. The specific materials and structures described areexemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used.Functional OLEDs may be achieved by combining the various layersdescribed in different ways, or layers may be omitted entirely, based ondesign, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specificallydescribed may also be included. Materials other than those specificallydescribed may be used. Although many of the examples provided hereindescribe various layers as comprising a single material, it isunderstood that combinations of materials, such as a mixture of host anddopant, or more generally a mixture, may be used. Also, the layers mayhave various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein arenot intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, holetransport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissivelayer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a holeinjection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as havingan “organic layer” disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organiclayer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiplelayers of different organic materials as described, for example, withrespect to FIGS. 1 and 2.

Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used,such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated byreference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having asingle organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which isincorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure maydeviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface toimprove out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. PatNo. 6,091,195 to Forrest et al., and/or a pit structure as described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Bulovic et al., which are incorporated byreference in their entireties.

Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodimentsmay be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers,preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such asdescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which areincorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phasedeposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 60,337,102 toForrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, anddeposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described inU.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, which is incorporated by reference in itsentirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating andother solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferablycarried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers,preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterningmethods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such asdescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which areincorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associatedwith some of the deposition methods such as ink-jet and OVJD. Othermethods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modifiedto make them compatible with a particular deposition method. Forexample, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched orunbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used insmall molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing.Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons isa preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have bettersolution processibility than those having symmetric structures, becauseasymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize.Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of smallmolecules to undergo solution processing.

Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention may further optionally comprise a barrier layer. One purposeof the barrier layer is to protect the electrodes and organic layersfrom damaging exposure to harmful species in the environment includingmoisture, vapor and/or gases, etc. The barrier layer may be depositedover, under or next to a substrate, an electrode, or over any otherparts of a device including an edge. The barrier layer may comprise asingle layer, or multiple layers. The barrier layer may be formed byvarious known chemical vapor deposition techniques and may includecompositions having a single phase as well as compositions havingmultiple phases. Any suitable material or combination of materials maybe used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may incorporate aninorganic or an organic compound or both. The preferred barrier layercomprises a mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric materialas described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,146, PCT Pat. Application Nos.PCT/US2007/023098 and PCT/US2009/042829, which are herein incorporatedby reference in their entireties. To be considered a “mixture”, theaforesaid polymeric and non-polymeric materials comprising the barrierlayer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and/or atthe same time. The weight ratio of polymeric to non-polymeric materialmay be in the range of 95:5 to 5:95. The polymeric material and thenon-polymeric material may be created from the same precursor material.In one example, the mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymericmaterial consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganicsilicon.

Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention canbe incorporated into a wide variety of electronic component modules (orunits) that can be incorporated into a variety of electronic products orintermediate components. Examples of such electronic products orintermediate components include display screens, lighting devices suchas discrete light source devices or lighting panels, etc. that can beutilized by the end-user product manufacturers. Such electroniccomponent modules can optionally include the driving electronics und/orpower source(s). Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments ofthe invention can be incorporated into a wide variety of consumerproducts that have one or more of the electronic component modules (orunits) incorporated therein. Such consumer products would include anykind of products that include one or more light source(s) and/or one ormore of some type of visual displays. Some examples of such consumerproducts include flat panel displays, computer monitors, medicalmonitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exteriorillumination and/or signaling, heads-up displays, fully or partiallytransparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones,cell phones, tablets, phablets, personal digital assistants (PDAs),wearable device, laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders,viewfinders, micro-displays that are less than 2 inches diagonal, 3-Ddisplays, virtual reality or augmented reality displays, vehicles, videowalls comprising multiple displays tiled together, theater or stadiumscreen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to controldevices fabricated in accordance with the present invention, includingpassive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended foruse in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C.to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 degreesC.), but could be used outside this temperature range, for example, from−40 degree C. to +80 degree C.

The materials and structures described herein may have applications indevices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices suchas organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ thematerials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such asorganic transistors, may employ the materials and structures.

The term “halo,” “halogen,” or “halide” as used herein includesfluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The term “alkyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branchedchain alkyl radicals. Preferred alkyl groups are those containing fromone to fifteen carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl,1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, pentyl,1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-methylethyl,1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, and the like. Additionally, thealkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein contemplates cyclic alkyl radicals.Preferred cycloalkyl groups are those containing 3 to 10 ring carbonatoms and includes cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, adamantyl, andthe like. Additionally, the cycloalkyl group may be optionallysubstituted.

The term “alkenyl” as used herein contemplates both straight andbranched chain alkene radicals. Preferred alkenyl groups are thosecontaining two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkenyl groupmay be optionally substituted.

The term “alkynyl” as used herein contemplates both straight andbranched chain alkyne radicals. Preferred alkynyl groups are thosecontaining two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkynyl groupmay be optionally substituted.

The terms “aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” as used herein are usedinterchangeably and contemplate an alkyl group that has as a substituentan aromatic group. Additionally, the aralkyl group may be optionallysubstituted.

The term “heterocyclic group” as used herein contemplates aromatic andnon-aromatic cyclic radicals. Hetero-aromatic cyclic radicals also meansheteroaryl. Preferred hetero-non-aromatic cyclic groups are thosecontaining 3 to 7 ring atoms which includes at least one hetero atom,and includes cyclic amines such as morpholino, piperdino, pyrrolidino,and the like, and cyclic ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran,tetrahydropyran, and the like. Additionally, the heterocyclic group maybe optionally substituted.

The term “aryl” or “aromatic group” as used herein contemplatessingle-ring groups and polycyclic ring systems. The polycyclic rings mayhave two or more rings in which two carbons are common to two adjoiningrings (the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings isaromatic, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl,heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Preferred aryl groups are thosecontaining six to thirty carbon atoms, preferably six to twenty carbonatoms, more preferably six to twelve carbon atoms. Especially preferredis an aryl group having six carbons, ten carbons or twelve carbons.Suitable aryl groups include phenyl, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene,tetraphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene,fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, and azulene, preferably phenyl,biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, fluorene, and naphthalene.Additionally, the aryl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “heteroaryl” as used herein contemplates single-ringhetero-aromatic groups that may include from one to five heteroatoms.The term heteroaryl also includes polycyclic hetero-aromatic systemshaving two or more rings in which two atoms are common to two adjoiningrings (the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings is aheteroaryl, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls,aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Preferred heteroaryl groups arethose containing three to thirty carbon atoms, preferably three totwenty carbon atoms, more preferably three to twelve carbon atoms.Suitable heteroaryl groups include dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran,dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene,benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole,pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole,oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine,pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine,indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole,benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline,quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine,phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine,furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine,benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine, preferablydibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, carbazole,indolocarbazole, imidazole, pyridine, triazine, benzimidazole,1,2-azaborine, 1,3-azaborine, 1,4-azaborine, borazine, and aza-analogsthereof. Additionally, the heteroaryl group may be optionallysubstituted.

The alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heterocyclic group,aryl, and heteroaryl may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with oneor more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium,halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,amino, cyclic amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl,alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ether,ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, andcombinations thereof.

As used herein, “substituted” indicates that a substituent other than His bonded to the relevant position, such as carbon. Thus, for example,where R¹ is mono-substituted, then one R¹ must be other than H.Similarly, where R¹ is di-substituted, then two of R¹ must be other thanH. Similarly, where R¹ is unsubstituted, R¹ is hydrogen for allavailable positions.

The “aza” designation in the fragments described herein, i.e.aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzothiophene, etc. means that one or more ofthe C—H groups in the respective fragment can be replaced by a nitrogenatom, for example, and without any limitation, azatriphenyleneencompasses both dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline and dibenzo[f,h]quinoline. Oneof ordinary skill in the art can readily envision other nitrogen analogsof the aza-derivatives described above, and all such analogs areintended to be encompassed by the terms as set forth herein.

It is to be understood that when a molecular fragment is described asbeing a substituent or otherwise attached to another moiety, its namemay be written as if it were a fragment (e.g. phenyl, phenylene,naphthyl, dibenzofuryl) or as if it were the whole molecule (e.g.benzene, naphthalene, dibenzofuran). As used herein, these differentways of designating a substituent or attached fragment are considered tobe equivalent.

The present invention includes novel borazarophenanthrene compounds.Borazarophenanthrene has a triplet energy of 422 nm. As demonstratedherein, borazarophenanthrene derivatives may be useful as hosts forphosphorescent emitters because their properties can be tuned bychanging the substituents and ring structures.

Compounds of the Invention

In one aspect, the present invention includes a compound having thestructure of Formula I:

wherein each X¹ to X¹⁸ is independently CR^(X) or N;

wherein each R^(X) is independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl,arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylicacids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl,phosphino, carbazole, azacarbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene,dibenzoselenophene, azadibenzofuran, azadibenzothiophene,azadibenzoselenophene, triphenylene, azatriphenylene, and combinationsthereof;

wherein any two adjacent R^(X) can join to form fused or unfused rings;

wherein when X¹⁴ or X¹⁸ or CR^(X), then R^(X) is not alkyl; and

wherein there is no direct bond between X¹ or X⁵ with X¹⁴ or X¹⁸.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula I has the structure ofFormula I-a:

wherein each one of R¹ to R¹⁸ independently represents a substituentselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen,alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino,silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl,sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, carbazole, azacarbazole, dibenzofuran,dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, azadibenzofuran,azadibenzothiophene, azadibenzoselenophene, triphenylene,azatriphenylene, and combinations thereof; and

wherein any adjacent R¹—R¹⁸ can join to form a fused or unfused ring.

In one embodiment, at least one of R¹ to R¹⁸ is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkoxyl, aryloxy and a trifluoromethyl group.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consistingof:

and

wherein any ring may be optionally further substituted.

In one embodiment, at least one of R¹ to R¹⁸ is selected from the groupconsisting of aryl, heteroaryl, substituted aryl, and substitutedheteroaryl.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consistingof:

wherein any ring may be optionally further substituted.

In one embodiment, at least one of X¹ to X¹⁸ is N

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consistingof:

wherein any ring may be optionally further substituted.

In one embodiment, at least two adjacent R¹—R¹⁸ are fused together toform

wherein Z is CR′R″, NR′, O, S, or Se;

wherein R′ and R″ are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl,heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl,cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl,carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl,sulfonyl, phosphino, carbazole, azacarbazole, dibenzofuran,dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, azadibenzofuran,azadibenzothiophene, azadibenzoselenophene, triphenylene,azatriphenylene, and combinations thereof; and

wherein any ring may be optionally substituted.

In one embodiment,

the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein any ring may be optionally further substituted.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an OLED is alsoprovided. The OLED includes an anode, a cathode, and an organic layerdisposed between the anode and the cathode. The organic layer mayinclude a host and one or more emitter dopants.

The emitter dopants can be phosphorescent dopants. The organic layer caninclude a compound according to Formula I, and its variations asdescribed herein as a host.

In one embodiment, the organic layer further comprises a phosphorescentemissive dopant; wherein the emissive dopant is a transition metalcomplex having at least one ligand or part of the ligand if the ligandis more than bidentate selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each X¹ to X¹³ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of carbon and nitrogen;

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of BR′, NR′, PR′, O, S,Se, C═O, S═O, SO₂, CR′R″, SiR′R″, and GeR′R″;

wherein R′ and R″ are optionally fused or joined to form a ring;

wherein R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) may represent from monosubstitution to the possible maximum number of substitution, or nosubstitution;

wherein R′, R″, R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are each independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide,alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino,silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl,sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and

wherein any two adjacent substituents of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d)are optionally fused or joined to form a ring or form a multidentateligand.

In one embodiment, the organic layer is an emissive layer and thecompound of Formula I is a host. In one embodiment, the organic layer isan emissive layer and the compound of Formula I is an emitter. In oneembodiment, the organic layer is a charge transport layer and thecompound of Formula I is a charge transport material. In one embodiment,the organic layer is a blocking layer and the compound of Formula I is ablocking material in the organic layer.

The OLED can be incorporated into one or more of a consumer product, anelectronic component module, and a lighting panel.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a consumerproduct comprising an OLED is provided. The OLED may include an anode, acathode, and an organic layer disposed between the anode and thecathode. The organic layer may include a host and one or more emitterdopants. In one embodiment, the organic layer includes a compound ofFormula I.

Non-limiting examples of consumer products include flat panel displays,computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights forinterior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads-up displays,fully or partially transparent displays, flexible displays, laserprinters, telephones, cell phones, tablets, phablets, personal digitalassistants (PDAs), wearable device, laptop computers, digital cameras,camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays that are less than 2 inchesdiagonal, 3-D displays, virtual reality or augmented reality displays,vehicles, video walls comprising multiple displays tiled together,theater or stadium screens, and/or signs.

In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a formulation thatcomprises a compound of Formula I is described. The formulation caninclude one or more components selected from the group consisting of asolvent, a host, a hole injection material, hole transport material, andan electron transport layer material, disclosed herein.

Combinations with Other Materials

The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in anorganic light emitting device may be used in combination with a widevariety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissivedopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide varietyof hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers,electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials describedor referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may beuseful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one ofskill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify othermaterials that may be useful in combination.

Conductivity Dopants:

A charge transport layer can be doped with conductivity dopants tosubstantially alter its density of charge carriers, which will in turnalter its conductivity. The conductivity is increased by generatingcharge carriers in the matrix material, and depending on the type ofdopant, a change in the Fermi level of the semiconductor may also beachieved. Hole-transporting layer can be doped by p-type conductivitydopants and n-type conductivity dopants are used in theelectron-transporting layer.

Non-limiting examples of the conductivity dopants that may be used in anOLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are exemplifiedbelow together with references that disclose those materials:EP01617493, EP01968131, EP2020694, EP2684932, US20050139810,US20070160905, US20090167167, US2010288362, WO06081780, WO2009003455,WO2009008277, WO2009011327, WO2014009310, US2007252140, US2015060804 andUS2012146012.

HIL/HTL:

A hole injecting/transporting material to be used in the presentinvention is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used aslong as the compound is typically used as a hole injecting/transportingmaterial. Examples of the material include, but are not limited to: aphthalocyanine or porphyrin derivative; an aromatic amine derivative; anindolocarbazole derivative; a polymer containing fluorohydrocarbon; apolymer with conductivity dopants; a conducting polymer, such asPEDOT/PSS; a self-assembly monomer derived from compounds such asphosphonic acid and silane derivatives; a metal oxide derivative, suchas MoO_(x); a p-type semiconducting organic compound, such as1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile; a metal complex, and across-linkable compounds.

Examples of aromatic amine derivatives used in HIL or HTL include, butare not limited to the following general structures:

Each of Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is selected from the group consisting of aromatichydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl,triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene,fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, and azulene; the group consistingof aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene,dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran,benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole,pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole,oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole,pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine,oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine,benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline,cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine,pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine,benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine,thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine;and the group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which aregroups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatichydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and arebonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom,nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom,chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Each Ar may beunsubstituted or may be substituted by a substituent selected from thegroup consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl,arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylicacids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl,phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is C (including CH)or N; Z¹⁰¹ is NAr³, O, or S; Ar¹ has the same group defined above.

Examples of metal complexes used in HTL or HTL include, but are notlimited to the following general formula:

wherein Met is a metal, which can have an atomic weight greater than 40;(Y¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰¹ and Y¹⁰² are independentlyselected from C, N, O, P, and S; L¹⁰¹ is an ancillary ligand; k′ is aninteger value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may beattached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands thatmay be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, (Y¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative. In anotheraspect, (Y¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a carbene ligand. In another aspect, Met isselected from Ir, Pt, Os, and Zn. In a further aspect, the metal complexhas a smallest oxidation potential in solution vs. Fc⁺/Fc couple lessthan about 0.6 V.

Non-limiting examples of the HIL and HTL materials that may be used inan OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are exemplifiedbelow together with references that disclose those materials:CN102702075, DE102012005215, EP01624500, EP01698613, EP01806334,EP01930964, EP01972613, EP01997799, EP02011790, EP02055700, EP02055701,EP1725079, EP2085382, EP2660300, EP650955, JP07-073529, JP2005112765,JP2007091719, JP2008021687, JP2014-009196, KR20110088898, KR20130077473,TW201139402, U.S. Pat. No. 6,517,957, US20020158242, US20030162053,US20050123751, US20060182993, US20060240279, US20070145888,US20070181874, US20070278938, US20080014464, US20080091025,US20080106190, US20080124572, US20080145707, US20080220265,US20080233434, US20080303417, US2008107919, US20090115320,US20090167161, US2009066235, US2011007385, US20110163302, US2011240968,US2011278551, US2012205642, US2013241401, US20140117329, US2014183517,U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,569, U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,914, WO05075451,WO07125714, WO08023550, WO08023759, WO2009145016, WO2010061824,WO2011075644, WO2012177006, WO2013018530, WO2013039073, WO2013087142,WO2013118812, WO2013120577, WO2013157367, WO2013175747, WO2014002873,WO2014015935, WO2014015937, WO2014030872, WO2014030921, WO2014034791,WO2014104514, WO2014157018.

EBL:

An electron blocking layer (EBL) may be used to reduce the number ofelectrons and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence ofsuch a blocking layer in a device may result in substantially higherefficiencies, and or longer lifetime, as compared to a similar devicelacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confineemission to a desired region of an OLED. In some embodiments, the EBLmaterial has a higher LUMO (closer to the vacuum level) and/or highertriplet energy than the emitter closest to the EBL interface. In someembodiments, the EBL material has a higher LUMO (closer to the vacuumlevel) and or higher triplet energy than one or more of the hostsclosest to the EBL interface. In one aspect, the compound used in EBLcontains the same molecule or the same functional groups used as one ofthe hosts described below.

Additional Hosts:

The light emitting layer of the organic EL device of the presentinvention preferably contains at least a metal complex as light emittingdopant material, and may contain one or more additional host materialsusing the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the hostmaterial are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes ororganic compounds may be used as long as the triplet energy of the hostis larger than that of the dopant. Any host material may be used withany dopant so long as the triplet criteria is satisfied.

Examples of metal complexes used as host are preferred to have thefollowing general formula:

wherein Met is a metal; (Y¹⁰³-Y¹⁰⁴) is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰³ and Y¹⁰⁴are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L¹⁰¹ is an anotherligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligandsthat may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number ofligands that may be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, the metal complexes are:

wherein (O—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms Oand N.

In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir and Pt. In a further aspect,(Y¹⁰³-Y¹⁰⁴) is a carbene ligand.

Examples of other organic compounds used as additional host are selectedfrom the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds suchas benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene,phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene;group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such asdibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene,benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole,indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole,triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole,thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine,oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole,indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline,isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine,phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine,phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine,thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine;and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups ofthe same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarboncyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to eachother directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfuratom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unitand the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each group is furthersubstituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl,alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl,alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester,nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, andcombinations thereof.

In one aspect, host compound contains at least one of the followinggroups in the molecule:

wherein R¹⁰¹ to R¹⁰⁷ is independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl,arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylicacids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl,phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, ithas the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above, k is an integer from0 to 20 or 1 to 20; k′″ is an integer from 0 to 20. X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ isselected from C (including CH) or N. Z¹⁰¹ and Z¹⁰² is selected fromNR¹⁰¹, O, or S.

Non-limiting examples of the additional host materials that may be usedin an OLED in combination with the host compound disclosed herein areexemplified below together with references that disclose thosematerials: EP2034538, EP2034538A, EP2757608, JP2007254297,KR20100079458, KR20120088644, KR20120129733, KR20130115564, TW201329200,US20030175553, US20050238919, US20060280965, US20090017330,US20090030202, US20090167162, US20090302743, US20090309488,US20100012931, US20100084966, US20100187984, US2010187984, US2012075273,US2012126221, US2013009543, US2013105787, US2013175519, US2014001446,US20140183503, US20140225088, US2014034914, U.S. Pat. No. 7,154,114,WO2001039234, WO2004093207, WO2005014551, WO2005089025, WO2006072002,WO2006114966, WO2007063754, WO2008056746, WO2009003898, WO2009021126,WO2009063833, WO2009066778, WO2009066779, WO2009086028, WO2010056066,WO2010107244, WO2011081423, WO2011081431, WO2011086863, WO2012128298,WO2012133644, WO2012133649, WO2013024872, WO2013035275, WO2013081315,WO2013191404, WO2014142472,

Emitter:

An emitter example is not particularly limited, and any compound may beused as long as the compound is typically used as an emitter material.Examples of suitable emitter materials include, but are not limited to,compounds which can produce emissions via phosphorescence, fluorescence,thermally activated delayed fluorescence, i.e., TADF (also referred toas E-type delayed fluorescence), triplet-triplet annihilation, orcombinations of these processes.

Non-limiting examples of the emitter materials that may be used in anOLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are exemplifiedbelow together with references that disclose those materials:CN103694277, CN1696137, EB01238981, EP01239526, EP01961743, EP1239526,EP1244155, EP1642951, EP1647554, EP1841834, EP1841834B, EP2062907,EP2730583, JP2012074444, JP2013110263, JP4478555, KR1020090133652,KR20120032054, KR20130043460, TW201332980, U.S. Pat. No. 6,699,599, U.S.Pat. No. 6,916,554, US20010019782, US20020034656, US20030068526,US20030072964, US20030138657, US20050123788, US20050244673,US2005123791, US2005260449, US20060008670, US20060065890, US20060127696,US20060134459, US20060134462, US20060202194, US20060251923,US20070034863, US20070087321, US20070103060, US20070111026,US20070190359, US20070231600, US2007034863, US2007104979, US2007104980,US2007138437, US2007224450, US2007278936, US20080020237, US20080233410,US20080261076, US20080297033, US200805851, US2008161567, US2008210930,US20090039776, US20090108737, US20090115322, US20090179555,US2009085476, US2009104472, US20100090591, US20100148663, US20100244004,US20100295032, US2010102716, US2010105902, US2010244004, US2010270916,US20110057559, US20110108822, US20110204333, US2011215710, US2011227049,US2011285275, US2012292601, US20130146848, US2013033172, US2013165653,US2013181190, US2013334521, US20140246656, US2014103305, U.S. Pat. No.6,303,238, U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,656, U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,654, U.S. Pat.No. 6,670,645, U.S. Pat. No. 6,687,266, U.S. Pat. No. 6,835,469, U.S.Pat. No. 6,921,915, U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, U.S. Pat. No. 7,332,232,U.S. Pat. No. 7,378,162, U.S. Pat. No. 7,534,505, U.S. Pat. No.7,675,228, U.S. Pat. No. 7,728,137, U.S. Pat. No. 7,740,957, U.S. Pat.No. 7,759,489, U.S. Pat. No. 7,951,947, U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,099, U.S.Pat. No. 8,592,586, U.S. Pat. No. 8,871,361, WO06081973, WO06121811,WO07018067, WO07108362, WO07115970, WO07115981, WO08035571,WO2002015645, WO2003040257, WO2005019373, WO2006056418, WO2008054584,WO2008078800, WO2008096609, WO2008101842, WO2009000673, WO2009050281,WO2009100991, WO2010028151, WO2010054731, WO2010086089, WO2010118029,WO2011044988, WO2011051404, WO2011107491, WO2012020327, WO2012163471,WO2013094620, WO2013107487, WO2013174471, WO2014007565, WO2014008982,WO2014023377, WO2014024131, WO2014031977, WO2014038456, WO2014112450,

HBL:

A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holesand/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such ablocking layer in a device may result in substantially higherefficiencies and/or longer lifetime as compared to a similar devicelacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confineemission to a desired region of an OLED. In some embodiments, the HBLmaterial has a lower HOMO (further from the vacuum level) and or highertriplet energy than the emitter closest to the HBL interface. In someembodiments, the HBL material has a lower HOMO (further from the vacuumlevel) and or higher triplet energy than one or more of the hostsclosest to the HBL interface.

In one aspect, compound used in HBL contains the same molecule or thesame functional groups used as host described above.

In another aspect, compound used in HBL contains at least one of thefollowing groups in the molecule:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; L¹⁰¹ is an another ligand, k′ isan integer from 1 to 3.

ETL:

Electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable oftransporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic(undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity.Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metalcomplexes or organic compounds may be used as long as they are typicallyused to transport electrons.

In one aspect, compound used in ETL contains at least one of thefollowing groups in the molecule:

wherein R¹⁰¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy,aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl,aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile,isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinationsthereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition asAr's mentioned above. Ar¹ to Ar³ has the similar definition as Ar'smentioned above, k is an integer from 1 to 20. X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is selectedfrom C (including CH) or N.

In another aspect, the metal complexes used in ETL include, but are notlimited to the following general formula:

wherein (O—N) or (N—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinatedto atoms O, N or N, N; L¹⁰¹ is another ligand; k′ is an integer valuefrom 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to themetal.

Non-limiting examples of the ETL materials that may be used in an OLEDin combination with materials disclosed herein are exemplified belowtogether with references that disclose those materials: CN103508940,EP01602648, EP01734038, EP01956007, JP2004-022334, JP2005149918,JP2005-268199, KR0117693, KR20130108183, US20040036077, US20070104977,US2007018155, US20090101870, US20090115316, US20090140637,US20090179554, US2009218940, US2010108990, US2011156017, US2011210320,US2012193612, US2012214993, US2014014925, US2014014927, US20140284580,U.S. Pat. No. 6,656,612, U.S. Pat. No. 8,415,031, WO2003060956,WO2007111263, WO2009148269, WO2010067894, WO2010072300, WO2011074770,WO2011105373, WO2013079217, WO2013145667, WO2013180376, WO2014104499,WO2014104535,

Charge Generation Layer (CGL)

In tandem or stacked OLEDs, the CGL plays an essential role in theperformance, which is composed of an n-doped layer and a p-doped layerfor injection of electrons and holes, respectively. Electrons and holesare supplied from the CGL and electrodes. The consumed electrons andholes in the CGL are refilled by the electrons and holes injected fromthe cathode and anode, respectively; then, the bipolar currents reach asteady state gradually. Typical CGL materials include n and pconductivity dopants used in the transport layers.

In any above-mentioned compounds used in each layer of the OLED device,the hydrogen atoms can be partially or fully deuterated. Thus, anyspecifically listed substituent, such as, without limitation, methyl,phenyl, pyridyl, etc. encompasses undeuterated, partially deuterated,and fully deuterated versions thereof. Similarly, classes ofsubstituents such as, without limitation, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl,heteroaryl, etc. also encompass undeuterated, partially deuterated, andfully deuterated versions thereof.

EXPERIMENTAL Synthesis of N-phenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amine

Toluene (30 mL) was bubbled with nitrogen for 15 min, followed by anaddition of (±)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1-binaphthalene (0.13 g,2.09 mmol) and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.35 g, 3.82 mmol). The mixture was bubbledwith nitrogen for 15 min, and then 2-aminobiphenyl (2.83 g, 16.7 mmol),bromobenzene (2.00 g, 12.7 mmol) and sodium tert-butoxide (1.81 g, 18.9mmol) were added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 15 min andheated to 110° C. for 6 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture wasfiltered through a silica pad and washed with toluene. The solvent wasremoved in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash columnchromatography using hexane to dichloromethane-hexane (1:9) to affordN-phenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amine (2.67 g, 86% yield) as yellow oil.

Synthesis of Compound A-1

A solution of N-phenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amine (0.64 g, 2.61 mmol) in1,2-dichlorobenzene (5 mL) was bubbled with nitrogen gas for 30 mins,boron tribromide (1M in dichloromethane, 4 mL, 4.00 mmol) was added andthe reaction mixture was heated to 180° C. for 3 hours. After coolingthe reaction mixture to room temperature (22° C.), diphenylzine (1.27 g,5.78 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture inside the glovebox. Thereaction mixture was heated to 120° C. for 6 hours. The reaction mixturewas cooled to room temperature (22° C.), water was added and thereaction mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (×3). The combinedorganic layer was washed with water and brine solution in this sequence,dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified byflash column chromatography with dichloromethane-hexane (1:9 to 2:8) togive Compound A-1 (0.68 g, 80% yield) as white solid.

Synthesis of bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)zinc

Zinc bromide (2.92 g, 13.0 mmol) was added into an oven-dried 2-neckedround bottom flask. To the flask was added THF (15 mL), and the contentswere stirred until a clear solution was attained. The flask was cooledto 0° C. and 4-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 28 mL, 28mmol) was added slowly via a syringe, resulting in a visual change ofthe mixture's appearance from clear to pale brown with a whiteprecipitate. The resulting solution was heated to 80° C. for 16 hourswith stirring. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature (˜22°C.) and used in the next step without further purification.

Synthesis of Compound A-4

A solution of N-phenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amine (0.64 g, 2.61 mmol) in1,2-dichlorobenzene (4 mL) was bubbled with nitrogen gas for 30 mins.Boron tribromide (1M in dichloromethane, 4 mL, 4.00 mmol) was added andthe reaction mixture was heated to 180° C. for 3 hours. After coolingthe reaction mixture to room temperature (˜22° C.), it was cannulatedinto a bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)zinc solution, as prepared above. Theresulting reaction mixture was heated to 120° C. for 7 hours. Thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature (22° C.), water wasadded and the reaction mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (×3),The combined organic layer washed with water and brine solution in thissequence, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by flash column chromatography with dichloromethane-hexane (1:9to 1.5:8.5) to give Compound A-4 (0.25 g, 27% yield) as white solid.

Synthesis of 4-(5-phenyldibenzo[c,e][1,2]azaborinin-6(5)-yl)phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonate

To 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-5,6-dihydrodibenzo[c,e][1,2]azaborinine(1.2 g, 3.3 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) at 0° C. was added BBr₃ (15.1 mL, 1Msolution in DCM, 15.1 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3hours. Water was added, and the organic layer was separated. The aqueouslayer was extracted with DCM (×2). The combined organic layer was washedwith brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to give4-(5-benyldibenzo[c,e][1,2]-azaborinin-6(5H-yl)phenol (1.1 g, 78% yield)as a white solid. The product was used in the next step without furtherpurification.

To 4-(5-phenyldibenzo[c,e][1,2]azaborinin-6(5H)-yl)phenol (1.1 g, 3.2mmol) in DCM (25 mL) at 0° C. was added pyridine (0.7 mL, 7.1 mmol) andtriflic anhydride (1.2 mL, 7.1 mmol), and the reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 16 h. Water was added, and the organiclayer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (×2). Thecombined organic layer was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) andconcentrated. The resulting residue was purified via flash columnchromatography with 10-15% DCM in hexane+2% Et₃N to give4-(5-phenyldibenzo[c,e][1,2]azaborinin-6(5H)-yl)phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonate (1.3 g, 83% yield) as white solid.

Synthesis of Compound B-31

Toluene (20 mL) was bubbled with nitrogen gas for 15 min, followed bythe addition of 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl, (0.2 g,0.49 mmol) and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.09 g, 0.10 mmol). The mixture was bubbledwith nitrogen for 15 min, and then4-(5-phenyldibenzo[c,e][1,2]azaborinin-6(5H)-yl)phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonate (1.3 g, 2.8 mmol), carbazole (0.7 g, 4.2 mmol)and sodium tert-butoxide (0.5 g, 5.2 mmol) were added. The mixture wasbubbled with nitrogen for 15 min and then refluxed for 16 h. Aftercooling, the reaction mixture was filtered through a silica pad andwashed with toluene. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residuewas purified by flash column chromatography using hexane todichloromethane-hexane (1:9) to give Compound B-31 (0.15 g, 11% yield)as a white solid.

Synthesis of N-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amine

Toluene (20 mL) was bubbled with nitrogen for 15 min, followed by anaddition of (±)-2,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (0.06 g,0.10 mmol) and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.17 g, 0.19 mmol). The mixture was bubbledwith nitrogen for 15 min, and then 2-aminobiphenyl (1.25 g, 7.39 mmol),9-(4-bromophenyl)-9H-carbazole (1.90 g, 5.90 mmol) and sodiumtert-butoxide (0.85 g, 8.85 mmol) were added. The mixture was bubbledwith nitrogen for 15 min and refluxed for 6 h. After cooling, thereaction mixture was filtered through a silica pad and washed withtoluene. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purifiedby flash column chromatography using hexane to dichloromethane-hexane(1:9) to afford ofN-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amine (2.21 g, 91%yield) as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound B-30

A solution of N-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amine(2.97 g, 7.24 mmol) in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (18 mL) was bubbled withnitrogen gas for 30 mins, and then boron tribromide (1M indichloromethane, 12.5 mL, 12.5 mmol) was added and the reaction mixturewas heated to 180° C. for 2 hours. After cooling the reaction mixture toroom temperature, diphenylzinc (3.74 g, 17.0 mmol) was added to thereaction mixture inside the glovebox. The reaction mixture was heated to120° C. for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to roomtemperature (22° C.), water was added, and the reaction mixture wasextracted with diethyl ether (×3). The combined organic layer was washedwith water and brine solution sequentially, dried over MgSO₄ andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash columnchromatography with 10-20% dichloromethane in hexane to give CompoundB-30 (3.03 g, 84% yield) as a white solid.

Synthesis of N-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine

Toluene (60 mL) was bubbled with nitrogen for 15 min, followed by anaddition of (±)-2,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (0.25 g,0.40 mmol) and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.70 g, 0.76 mmol). The mixture was bubbledwith nitrogen for 15 min, and then 2-aminobiphenyl (5.42 g, 32.0 mmol),3-bromo-9-phenylcarbazole (8.26 g, 25.6 mmol) and sodium tert-butoxide(3.70 g, 38.5 mmol) were added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogenfor 15 min and refluxed for 6 h. After cooling the reaction mixture toto room temperature (˜22° C.), it was filtered through a silica pad andwashed with toluene. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residuewas purified by flash column chromatography using hexane todichloromethane-hexane (1:9) to afford ofN-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine (7.40 g, 70%yield) as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound F-27

A solution of N-([1,1′-biphenyl])-2-yl)-9-9H-carbazol-3-amine (2.03 g,4.95 mmol) in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (12 mL) was bubbled with nitrogen gasfor 30 mins, and then boron tribromide (1M in dichloromethane, 7.8 mL,7.8 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 180° C. for 2hours. After cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature,diphenylzine (2.76 g, 12.60 mmol) was added to the reaction mixtureinside the glovebox. The reaction mixture was heated to 120° C. for 6hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature (˜22° C.),water was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with diethylether. The combined organic layer was washed with water and brinesolution sequentially, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was purified by flash column chromatography with 10-20%dichloromethane in hexane to give Compound F-27 (1.80 g, 73% yield) as awhite solid.

Synthesis of bis-(3-methoxyphenyl)zinc

Zinc bromide (5.63 g, 25.0 mmol) was added into an oven-dried 2-neckedround bottom flask. To the flask was added THF (50 mL), and the contentswere stirred until a clear solution was attained. The flask was cooledto 0° C. and 4-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 53 mL, 53mmol) was added slowly via a syringe, resulting in a visual change ofthe mixture's appearance from clear to pale brown with a whiteprecipitate. The resulting solution was heated to 80° C. for 12 hourswith stirring. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature (˜22°C.) and used in the next step without further purification.

Synthesis of Compound A-3

A solution of N-phenyl-[1,1′-phenyl]-2-amine (1.29 g, 5.27 mmol) in1,2-dichlorobenzene (10 mL) was bubbled with nitrogen gas for 30 mins.Boron tribromide (1M in dichloromethane, 10 mL, 10.0 mmol) was added andthe reaction mixture was heated to 180° C. for 3 hours. After coolingthe reaction mixture to room temperature (˜22° C.), it was cannulated tobis-(3-methoxyphenyl)zinc solution prepared above. The resultingreaction mixture was heated to 120° C. for 12 hours. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature (˜22° C.), water was added andthe reaction mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (×3). Combinedorganic layer washed with water and brine solution in this sequence,dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified byflash column chromatography with dichloromethane-hexane (1:9 to 2:8) togive Compound A-3 (0.79 g, 42% yield) as white solid.

Photophysical and Electrochemical Data

Compound A-1

R.T.: 354 nm (2Me—THF) R.T.: 350 nm (PhMe) R.T.: 353 nm (3Me-pentane)77K: 422 nm PMMA:Compound A-1 (100:5) = 45%; peak @ 357 nm Red:−2.82(IR) Ox: 0.52(IR) Compound B-31

R.T.: 362 nm (2Me—THF) R.T.: 364 nm (PhMe) R.T.: 344 nm (3Me-pentane)77K: 422 nm PMMA:Compound B-31 (100:5) = 34%; peak @ 363 nm Red:−2.79(IR) Ox: 0.52(IR) Compound B-30

R.T.: 385 nm (2Me—THF) R.T.: 362 nm (toluene) R.T.: 342 nm (3Me-pentane)77K: 412 nm PMMA:Compound B-30 (100:5) = 36%; peak @ 362 nm Red:−2.81(IR) Ox: 0.57(IR) Compound F-27

R.T.: 370 nm (2Me—THF) R.T.: 372 nm (toluene) R.T.: 354 nm (3Me-pentane)77K: 422 nm PMMA:HH76 (100:5) = 33%; peak @ 372 nm Red: −2.85(IR) Ox:0.58(IR)

Compound A-1 has a S₁=354 nm (2Me-THF), S₁=350 nm (PhMe), S₁=353 nm(3Me-pentane), and T₃=422 nm. The electrochemical reduction isreversible at F_(red)=−2.82 V vs Fe/Fe⁺. It is luminscent, with anemission max at 357 nm with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 45% (5wt % in PMMA film, at room temperature). Compound B-31 has a S₁=362 nm(2Me-THF), S₁=364 nm (PhMe), S₁=344 nm (3Me-pentane), and T₁=422 nm. Theelectrochemical reduction is reversible at F_(red)=−2.79 V vs Fc/Fc⁺. Itis luminscent, with an emission max at 363 nm with a photoluminescencequantum yield of 34% (5 wt % in PMMA film, at room temperature).Compound B-30 has a S₁=385 nm (2Me-THF), S₁=362 nm (PhMe), S₁=342 nm(3Me-pentane), and T₁=412 nm. The electrochemical reduction isreversible at F_(red)=−2.81 V vs Fc/Fc⁺. It is luminscent, with anemission max at 362 nm with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 36% (5wt % in PMMA film, at room temperature). Compound F-27 has a S₁=370 nm(2Me-THF), S₁=372 nm (PhMe), S₁=354 nm (3Me-pentane), and T₁=422 nm. Theelectrochemical reduction is reversible E_(red)=−2.85 V vs Fc/Fc⁺. It isluminscent, with an emission max at 372 nm with a photoluminescensequantum yield of 33% (5 wt % in PMMA film, at room temperature).Although not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, thephotophysical and electrochemical data suggest thatborazarophenanthrenes have a high triplet and may be useful as materialsfor OLEDs.

Calculated Triplet from DFT for Borazarophenanthrene Derivatives

Calculated T1 Compound from DFT (nm)

419

405

434

445

407

450

401

400

400

400

400

401

It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are byway of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of theinvention. For example, many of the materials and structures describedherein may be substituted with other materials and structures withoutdeviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention asclaimed may therefore include variations from the particular examplesand preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to oneof skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to whythe invention works are not intended to be limiting.

We claim:
 1. A compound having the structure of Formula I:

wherein each X¹ to X¹⁸ is independently CR^(X) or N; wherein each R^(X)is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy,aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl,aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile,isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, carbazole,azacarbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene,azadibenzofuran, azadibenzothiophene, azadibenzoselenophene,triphenylene, azatriphenylene, and combinations thereof; wherein any twoadjacent R^(X) can join to form fused or unfused rings; wherein when X¹⁴or X¹⁸ is CR^(X), then R^(X) is not alkyl; and wherein there is nodirect bond between X¹ or X³ with X¹⁴ or X¹⁸.
 2. The compound of claim1, wherein the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formula I-a:

wherein each one of R¹ to R¹⁸ independently represents a substituentselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen,alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino,silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl,sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, carbazole, azacarbazole, dibenzofuran,dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, azadibenzofuran,azadibenzothiophene, azadibenzoselenophene, triphenylene,azatriphenylene, and combinations thereof; and wherein any adjacentR¹—R¹⁸ can join to form a fused or unfused ring.
 3. The compound ofclaim 2, wherein at least one of R¹ to R¹⁸ is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkoxyl, aryloxy and a trifluoromethyl group. 4.The compound of claim 3, wherein the compound is selected from the groupconsisting of:

and wherein any ring may be optionally further substituted.
 5. Thecompound of claim 2, wherein at least one of R¹ to R¹⁸ is selected fromthe group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, substituted aryl, andsubstituted heteroaryl.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein the compoundis selected from the group consisting of:

and wherein any ring may be optionally further substituted.
 7. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein at least one of X¹ to X¹⁸ is N.
 8. Thecompound of claim 7, wherein the compound is selected from the groupconsisting of:

wherein any ring may be optionally further substituted.
 9. The compoundof claim 1, wherein at least two adjacent R³—R¹⁸ are fused together toform

wherein Z is CR′R″, NR′, O, S, or Se; wherein R′ and R″ are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium,halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile,isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, carbazole,azacarbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene,azadibenzofuran, azadibenzothiophene, azadibenzoselenophene,triphenylene, azatriphenylene, and combinations thereof; and wherein anyring may be optionally substituted.
 10. The compound of claim 9, whereinthe compound is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein any ring may be optionally further substituted.
 11. An organiclight-emitting device(OLED) comprising: an anode; a cathode; and anorganic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising acompound having the structure of Formula I:

wherein each X¹ to X¹⁸ is independently CR^(X) or N; wherein each R^(X)is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy,aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl,aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile,isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, carbazole,azacarbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene,azadibenzofuran, azadibenzothiophene, azadibenzoselenophene,triphenylene, azatriphenylene, and combinations thereof; wherein any twoadjacent R^(X) can join to form fused or unfused rings; wherein when X¹⁴or X¹⁸ is CR^(X), then R^(X) is not alkyl; and wherein there is nodirect bond between X¹ or X⁵ with X¹⁴ or X¹⁸.
 12. The OLED of claim 11,wherein the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound ofFormula I is a host.
 13. The OLED of claim 11, wherein the organic layeris an emissive layer and the compound of Formula I is an emitter. 14.The OLED of claim 11, wherein the organic layer is a charge transportlayer and the compound of Formula I is a charge transport material. 15.The OLED of claim 11, wherein the organic layer further comprises aphosphorescent emissive dopant; wherein the emissive dopant is atransition metal complex having at least one ligand or part of theligand if the ligand is more than bidentate selected from the groupconsisting of:

wherein each X¹ to X¹³ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of carbon and nitrogen; wherein X is selected from the groupconsisting of BR′, NR′, PR′, O, S, Se, C═O, S═O, SO₂, CR′R″, SiR′R″, andGeR′R″; wherein R′ and R″ are optionally fused or joined to form a ring;wherein each R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) may represent from monosubstitution to the possible maximum number of substitution, or nosubstitution; wherein R′, R″, R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium,halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile,isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinationsthereof; and wherein any two adjacent substituents of R_(a), R_(b),R_(c), and R_(d) are optionally fused or joined to form a ring or form amultidentate ligand.
 16. The OLED of claim 11, wherein the organic layeris a blocking layer and the compound of Formula I is a blocking materialin the organic layer.
 17. A consumer product comprising an organiclight-emitting device (OLED) comprising: an anode; a cathode; and anorganic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising acompound having the structure of Formula I:

wherein each X¹ to X¹⁸ is independently CR^(X) or N; wherein R^(X) isindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium,halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile,isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, carbazole,azacarbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene,azadibenzofuran, azadibenzothiophene, azadibenzoselenophene,triphenylene, azatriphenylene, and combinations thereof; wherein any twoadjacent R^(X) conjoin to form fused or unfused rings; wherein when X¹⁴or X¹⁸ is CR^(X), then R^(X) is not alkyl; and wherein there is nodirect bond between X¹ or X⁵ with X¹⁴ or X¹⁸.
 18. The consumer productof claim 17, wherein the consumer product is selected from the groupconsisting of a flat panel display, a computer monitor, a medicalmonitors television, a billboard, a light for interior or exteriorillumination and/or signaling, a heads-up display, a fully or partiallytransparent display, a flexible display, a laser printer, a telephone, acell phone, tablet, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), awearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, aviewfinder, a micro-display that is less than 2 inches diagonal, a 3-Ddisplay, a virtual reality or augmented reality display, a vehicle, avideo wall comprising multiple displays tiled together, a theater orstadium screen, and a sign.